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HOT TOPICS IN CARDIOLOGY: Issue 3, 2006
Heart failure: from bench to bedside
Heart failure: from bench to the bedside
Sergio Dalla Volta
Correspondence to:
Sergio Dalla Volta - MD, PhD Distinguished Professor of Cardiology Division of Cardiology Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences University of Padua Italy E-mail: cardiopd@unipd.it
Summary
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS OF THE NORMAL HEART
- Normal circulatory function and regulation
- Biophysics and molecular basis of cardiac activity
- Electrical activity
- The proteins of the myocardium
- The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and Ca2+ movements
- Electromechanical coupling
- Velocity of formation and breakdown of cardiac bridges and tension
- The extracellular matrix
- The energy of contraction
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- The new genetic program and the initial impairment of cardiac action
- The intervention of neurohumoral factors
- The role of the kidney
- Other areas
- Endothelial and paracrine function
- The remodeling of the heart
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- Clinical picture
- Invasive and nonvasive methods of study
- Electrocardiogram
- Chest film
- Exercise testing
- Echocardiogram
- Spiral TC
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Positron emission tomography
- Radionuclide ventriculography
- Heart catheterization
- Cardiac biopsy
- Histological analysis
- Study of the viral genome
- The laboratory test
- IDENTIFICATION OF THE TYPES OF HEART FAILURE
- Systolic dysfunction
- Diastolic dysfunction
- Heart failure in the different types of cardiac disease
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Coronary disease
- Valvular heart disease
- Cardiomyopathies (including acute myocarditis)
- Heart failure in small pediatric patients
- Refractory heart failure and cardiac cachexia
- PROGNOSIS
- THE TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE
- Principles and goals of treatment
- Pharmacological classes
- ACE inhibitors
- AT1 receptor antagonists (sartans)
- Beta-blockers
- Vasodilators
- Diuretics
- Digitalis and other inotropic drugs
- Statins
- Anticoagulants and antithrombotics
- Other pharmacologic agents
- ELECTRICAL TREATMENT
- MECHANICAL SUPPORT
- SURGICAL THERAPY OF HEART FAILURE
- HEART TRANSPLANT
- REHABILITATION
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
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